Autonomia do enfermeiro no exercício das práticas de enfermagem na atenção primária à saúde / Nurses autonomy in the exercise of nursing practices in primary health care / Autonomía de las enfermeras en el ejercicio de las prácticas de enfermería en la atención primaria de salud

Objetivo: Compreender a autonomia do enfermeiro quanto as suas responsabilidades normativas legais no exercício das práticas de enfermagem na Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) do Pará. Métodos: Estudo observacional, de delineamento transversal qualitativo, realizado em três municípios do estado do Pará. A coleta de dados foi realizada de outubro de 2020 a janeiro de 2021. Os participantes foram os enfermeiros da Atenção Primária à Saúde. Foi realizada entrevista, com roteiro semiestruturado. Foi realizada análise temática dos conteúdos, com auxílio da ferramenta IRaMuTeq Resultados: Emergiram cinco categorias temáticas: 1) Autonomia do enfermeiro no contexto da prescrição de outro profissional na APS; 2) Autonomia para prescrição nos programas e exames na APS; 3) Áreas de identificação da autonomia profissional na APS; 4) As práticas preventivas na APS e suas dificuldades; e 5) Limites da prática profissional do enfermeiro na APS. Conclusão: Os enfermeiros da APS do Pará têm práticas de enfermagem individuais com diferentes tipos de autonomia, cujos cuidados colocam em prática com o respaldo dos protocolos e regulamentos técnicos. Contudo, há necessidade de ampliar e fortalecer parcerias com outros atores sociais municipais. (AU)

Objective: To understand the autonomy of nurses regarding their legal regulatory responsibilities in the exercise of nursing practices in Primary Health Care (PHC) in Pará. Methods: Observational study with qualitative cross-sectional design, conducted in three municipalities of the state of Pará. Data collection was carried out from October 2020 to January 2021. The participants were Primary Health Care nurses. Interviews were conducted, with a semi-structured script. A thematic analysis of the contents was performed, with the help of the IRaMuTeq tool. Results: Five thematic categories emerged: 1) Nurses' autonomy in the context of another professional's prescription in PHC; 2) Autonomy for prescription in programs and exams in PHC; 3) Areas of identification of professional autonomy in PHC; 4) Preventive practices in PHC and their difficulties; and 5) Limits of nurses' professional practice in PHC. Conclusion: PHC nurses in Pará have individual nursing practices with different types of autonomy, whose care they put into practice with the support of protocols and technical regulations. However, there is a need to expand and strengthen partnerships with other municipal social actors. (AU)

Objetivo: Comprender la autonomía de los enfermeros en cuanto a sus responsabilidades normativas legales en el ejercicio de las prácticas de enfermería en la Atención Básica a la Salud (APS) en Pará. Métodos: Estudio observacional, con diseño transversal cualitativo, realizado en tres municipios del estado de Pará. La recolección de datos se realizó de octubre de 2020 a enero de 2021. Los participantes fueron enfermeros de la Atención Primaria de Salud. Se realizó una entrevista, con un guión semiestructurado. Se realizó un análisis temático de dos contenidos, con la ayuda de la herramienta IRaMuTeq. Resultados: Emergieron cinco categorías temáticas: 1) Autonomía del enfermero en el contexto de la prescripción de otro profesional en la APS; 2) Autonomía para prescribir programas y exámenes en la APS; 3) Áreas de identificación de la autonomía profesional en APS; 4) Prácticas preventivas en APS y sus dificultades; y 5) Límites del ejercicio profesional de enfermería en la APS. Conclusión: Los enfermeros de la APS de Pará tienen prácticas de enfermería individuales con diferentes tipos de autonomía, cuyo cuidado está sustentado por dos protocolos y normas técnicas. Sin embargo, existe la necesidad de ampliar y fortalecer las alianzas con otros socios municipales. (AU)

Práticas de enfermagem na atenção primária à saúde: acesso a informação pelos enfermeiros / Nursing practices in primary health care: acess to information by nurses / Prácticas de enfermería en la atención primaria de salud: acceso a la información por parte del enfermero

Os avanços nas pesquisas científicas e na disseminação não é garantia da utilização das evidências nos cenários reais, principalmente pelo acesso à informação técnico-científica e como o conhecimento é traduzido. Este estudo tem como objetivo conhecer a prevalência de Enfermeiros da atenção primária à saúde do Pará com acesso a informação técnico-científica, para comparar a prevalência nacional e identificar os fatores sociodemográficos e de formação associados a este acesso. Trata-se de um estudo transversal de prevalência e analítico realizado no estado do Pará entre novembro de 2019 e agosto de 2021, com Enfermeiros da atenção primária à saúde. Os dados foram coletados por formulário eletrônico e analisados pelos testes do qui-quadrado, exato de Fischer e binomial para duas proporções. Participaram 193 Enfermeiros. A prevalência de acesso a informação técnico-científica foi de 88,6% (171/193), com diferença na proporção desse acesso em relação ao Brasil (95,1%; p= 0,000). Há diferença estatisticamente significativa na proporção de Enfermeiros que participaram de encontros/seminários (97%; p=0,000) e curso de atualização (100%; p= 0,000) de acordo com o acesso a informação. Um maior percentual de Enfermeiros utiliza sua residência para acessar a informação como fontes governamentais, revistas científicas e mídias sociais. O estudo concluiu que há disparidade no acesso a informação pelos Enfermeiros do Pará quando comparado ao Brasil. Há necessidade de ampliar a participação em cursos de atualização e seminários, sendo as estratégias de digitais ferramentas que podem contribuir para esse alcance e que são utilizadas pelos Enfermeiros. (AU)

Advances in scientific research and dissemination do not guarantee the use of evidence in real scenarios, mainly due to access to technical-scientific information and how knowledge is translated. This study aims to determine the prevalence of primary health care nurses in Pará with access to technical-scientific information, in order to compare the national prevalence and identify the sociodemographic and training factors associated with this access. This is a cross-sectional prevalence and analytical study carried out in the state of Pará between November 2019 and August 2021, with nurses from primary health care. Data were collected using an electronic form and analyzed using chi-square, Fisher's exact and binomial tests for two proportions. 193 nurses participated. The prevalence of access to technical-scientific information was 88.6% (171/193), with a difference in the proportion of this access in relation to Brazil (95.1%; p=0.000). There is a statistically significant difference in the proportion of nurses who participated in meetings/seminars (97%; p=0.000) and refresher courses (100%; p=0.000) according to access to information. A higher percentage of nurses use their residence to access information such as government sources, scientific journals and social media. The study concluded that there is disparity in access to information by nurses in Pará when compared to Brazil. There is a need to expand participation in refresher courses and seminars, and digital strategies are tools that can contribute to this reach and are used by nurses. (AU)

Los avances en la investigación y divulgación científica no garantizan el uso de la evidencia en escenarios reales, principalmente por el acceso a la información técnico-científica y la forma en que se traduce el conocimiento. Este estudio tiene como objetivo determinar la prevalencia de enfermeros de atención primaria de salud en Pará con acceso a la información técnico-científica, con el fin de comparar la prevalencia nacional e identificar los factores sociodemográficos y de formación asociados a este acceso. Se trata de un estudio transversal analítico y de prevalencia realizado en el estado de Pará entre noviembre de 2019 y agosto de 2021, con enfermeros de la atención primaria de salud. Los datos fueron recolectados mediante un formulario electrónico y analizados mediante pruebas de chi-cuadrado, exacta de Fisher y binomial para dos proporciones. Participaron 193 enfermeras. La prevalencia de acceso a la información técnico-científica fue del 88,6% (171/193), con diferencia en la proporción de ese acceso en relación a Brasil (95,1%; p=0,000). Hay diferencia estadísticamente significativa en la proporción de enfermeros que participaron de reuniones/seminarios (97%; p=0,000) y cursos de actualización (100%; p=0,000) según el acceso a la información. Un mayor porcentaje de enfermeras utiliza su residencia para acceder a información como fuentes gubernamentales, revistas científicas y redes sociales. El estudio concluyó que existe disparidad en el acceso a la información por parte de los enfermeros de Pará en comparación con Brasil. Existe la necesidad de ampliar la participación en cursos de actualización y seminarios, y las estrategias digitales son herramientas que pueden contribuir para ese alcance y son utilizadas por los enfermeros. (AU)

Low bone mass and vitamin D in Brazilian people living with HIV under antiretroviral therapy.

We performed a cross-sectional study in 212 PLHIV under antiretroviral therapy. Bone mass was compromised in 36.5% of relatively young sample and associated with hypogonadism, older age, higher PTH levels, and metabolic syndrome. Hypovitaminosis D was present in 85%, especially those on NNRTI. PURPOSE: Previous studies have reported an increased prevalence of bone demineralization among people living with the human immunodeficiency virus (PLHIV). We aimed to assess bone mineral density (BMD), vitamin D levels, and associated risk factors in Brazilian PLHIV. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with 212 patients in a specialized assistance service. Clinical and demographic information were registered. Laboratory tests were performed, and BMD was measured at the lumbar spine, total hip/femoral neck, and forearm by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Participants were classified into "with low bone mass (wLBM)" and "without low bone mass (woLBM)." Those wLBM encompasses osteoporosis, osteopenia, and below the expected range for age as recommended by the World Health Organization. RESULTS: One hundred and eighty-seven patients were included. Median age was 46.3 years (interquartile range (IQR) 40-52) and duration of HAART exposure was 11.2 years (IQR 7-15). Plasma viral load was undetectable in 79%. Hypovitaminosis D (< 30 ng/mL) was present in 85% and LBM in 36.5%. Men wLBM were more likely to have testosterone deficiency and had higher PTH levels than those woLBM. LBM in women was associated with older age, menopause, and metabolic syndrome. CONCLUSION: This study showed a high frequency of LBM in a relatively young sample, and suggests a detrimental effect of hypogonadism, older age, higher PTH levels, and metabolic syndrome. Hypovitaminosis D was frequent, especially those on non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, higher body mass index, and abdominal circumference.

Effects of physical activity and exercise on well-being in the context of the Covid-19 pandemic.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was discovered in China and characterized by the World Health Organization as a pandemic in March 2020. Many countries worldwide implemented stringent social isolation as a strategy to contain virus transmission. However, the same physical distancing that protects against the spread of COVID-19 may negatively impact mental health and well-being of the population. The present study sought to shed light on this phenomenon by assessing the relationship between physical activity and subjective well-being (SWB) among individuals who were subjected to social isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic. Data were collected in Brazil between March 31 and April 2, 2020. All of the volunteers agreed to participate by digitally checking the option of agreement after reading consent terms. The inclusion criteria were participants who had been in social isolation for at least 1 week and agreed to the consent terms. Three instruments were applied. A questionnaire was constructed for this study that assessed the participants' exercise routines. The Psychosocial Aspects, Well-being, and Exercise in Confinement (PAWEC) scale was created by researchers of this study that assessed the relationship between well-being and physical activity during social isolation. The Brazilian Portuguese-adapted version of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) was also used. A total of 592 participants (371 female, 220 male, 1 transgender), 14-74 years old (M = 32.39 years, SD = 10.5 years), reported being in social isolation for an average of 14.4 days (SD = 3.3 days). Well-being that was related to the practice of physical activity during quarantine was linked to an established routine of physical activity before the social isolation period. Participants who already practiced physical exercises previously and reported continuing the practice during the quarantine period had higher positive affect scores. Participants who engaged in physical activity without direct guidance only during the quarantine period had higher negative affect scores. Participants who already practiced physical activity felt more motivated to continue practicing physical activity during the social isolation period, resulting in positive affect, unlike participants who began exercising only during quarantine. Our results suggest that negative affect can occur among individuals who only just begin exercising during social isolation, indicating that physical activity should be habitual and not only occur during periods of social isolation. Engaging in exercise only during social isolation may contribute to an increase in malaise.

Stability-indicating method development for quantification of bromopride, its impurities, and degradation products by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography applying Analytical Quality by Design principles.

A comprehensive forced degradation study for bromopride was carried out in accordance with International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) recommendations followed by the identification and prospecting of the major degradation products. The analytical quality by design (AQbD) concepts were used to develop a stability-indicating method for bromopride and five organic impurities quantitation by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with UV detection (UHPLC-UV). Two screenings and one optimization design were performed, including a Monte Carlo simulation to assess the Method Operable Design Region (MODR). The AQbD approach provided a high degree of method understanding in a very short period of time, less than two weeks, and the validated MODR provided information on robust analytical conditions contributing to the assignment of suitable control strategies.

Fat Mass Ratio in Brazilian HIV-infected Patients Under Antiretroviral Therapy and Its Relationship With Anthropometric Measurents.

INTRODUCTION: Human immunodeficiency virus-related lipodystrophy is characterized by a variety of phenotypes and metabolic changes; however, consensus has not yet been reached on its diagnostic criteria. Different cutoff values for fat mass ratio have been proposed for this specific population as an objective diagnostic criterion for lipodystrophy. This study aimed to establish sex-specific reference values for fat mass ratio and to correlate them with anthropometric measurements for the diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus-related lipodystrophy. METHODOLOGY: A cross-sectional study was performed on 189 human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients under antiretroviral therapy. Anthropometric measurements were evaluated, and body composition was determined using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Fat mass ratio was calculated as the ratio of the percentage of the trunk fat mass and the percentage of the lower limb fat mass. RESULTS: One hundred and thirty-two patients (69%) presented lipodystrophy by objective criteria. In men, the cutoff for the fat mass ratio was 1.55 (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve: 0.73 [95% confidence interval: 0.62-0.83], p = 0.000008), with a sensitivity of 62.5%, a specificity of 70.5%, a positive predictive value of 77.8%, and a negative predictive value of 53.4%. In women, the cutoff for the fat mass ratio was 0.959 (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve: 0.70 [95% confidence interval: 0.56-0.85], p = 0.03), with a sensitivity of 83.60%, a specificity of 61.5%, a positive predictive value of 90.2%, and a negative predictive value of 47.1%. Fat mass ratio was positively correlated with waist circumference (men: r = 0.246, p = 0.019; women: r = 0.302, p = 0.014) and neck circumference (men: r = 0.304, p = 0.004; women: r = 0.366, p = 0.003) in both sexes; and body mass index (r = 0.288, p = 0.006) and waist-hip ratio (r = 0.288, p = 0.006) in men. CONCLUSION: The fat mass ratio evaluated using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry with the sex-specific cutoffs is an objective tool to define human immunodeficiency virus-related lipodystrophy.

Frequency of anti-Leptospira spp. antibodies in dogs and wild small mammals from rural properties and conservation units in southern Brazil.

Leptospirosis is a disease of worldwide distribution that affects man and several animal species. Domestic and wild animals can behave as reservoirs of the agent. The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of anti-Leptospira spp. antibodies in dogs and wild small mammals from rural properties and conservation units of three municipalities of Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Sera were collected from 192 domestic dogs and 132 small mammals, namely rodents of the Cricetidae and Caviidae families and marsupials of the Didelphidae family. The study used Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT) against 23 serovars of Leptospira spp. Overall, 9.90% (19/192) dogs, and 1.51% (2/132) small mammals were seropositive. Leptospira interrogans serovar Australis was the most frequent serovar in dogs and antibodies against L. interrogans serovar Pomona were detected in a dog and a small mammal belonging to the same municipality. We conclude that in the regions studied the frequency of seropositivity in dogs is low, and leptospires do not seem to be circulating in small mammals, yet, further research is necessary to assess the real role that these animals may have for leptospirosis in the studied areas. This is the first serological survey in small mammals, including wild rodents, in the area that encompasses conservation units of great importance to Rio Grande do Sul state.

Genetic diversity and antimicrobial resistance in Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus isolates from bovine mastitis in Minas Gerais, Brazil.

The aims of this study were to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility profile and genetic diversity of Staphylococcus spp. isolated from dairy cows in Minas Gerais, Brazil, and to assess the relationship among the isolates' susceptibility profiles and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) genotypes. Seventy-nine isolates were used, including S. aureus (n = 71) and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) (n = 8). Susceptibility to 12 antimicrobial agents was performed. All Staphylococcus spp. were subjected to PFGE. Staphylococcus aureus and CoNS isolates exhibited full susceptibility only to cephalothin. The greatest percentages of resistance among Staphylococcus spp. were observed to penicillins, folate pathway inhibitors, and tetracyclines. Twelve S. aureus and four CoNS were classified as multidrug resistance strains. Percentage of MRSA was also higher among CoNS (75%), compared to S. aureus isolates (2.81%). Adopting 100% of similarity, 34 different genotypes were identified. Association of minimum-spanning tree (MST) analysis with data from municipalities, herds, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), and resistance patterns for all isolates did not show any clustering. However, a clustering pattern of bacterial species was observed. Results from this study indicate a high frequency of antimicrobial resistance, especially among CoNS, and a high genetic diversity among Staphylococcus spp. isolated from dairy cows with mastitis in Minas Gerais, Brazil.

Temperature Rises in the Pulp Chamber with Different Techniques of Orthodontic Adhesive Removal.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this in vitro study was to compare the temperature rises in the pulp chamber and time spent with different techniques for orthodontic resin adhesive removal. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Adhesive removal was performed in 20 extracted human maxillary second premolars with five techniques: high-speed tungsten carbide burs with water-cooling (BurH-cool) and without cooling (BurH), low-speed carbide burs (BurL), low-speed aluminum-oxide discs (DiscL), and low-speed fiberglass burs (BurFGL). Pulp chamber temperature was measured with a thermocouple probe and time spent was recorded with a digital stopwatch. Comparisons of temperature rise and time between the techniques were performed with Analysis of variance and Tukey's Honestly test. Correlation between variables was investigated with Pearson's correlation coefficient. RESULTS: Temperature rise and time were statistically different between techniques and showed a positive correlation between them (r=0.826) (P<0.01). BurH-cool provoked the lowest temperature rise and BurFGL the highest (P<0.01). Temperature rises were higher with DiscL than with BurH and BurL (P<0.01), which showed no statistical differences between them (P>0.05). The fastest technique was BurH-cool followed by BurL, BurH, DiscL and BurFGL (P<0.01). CONCLUSION: BurH-cool, BurH and BurL are safe adhesive removal techniques, whereas DiscL and BurFGL may damage pulp tissues. Time spent on adhesive removal has direct effect on temperature rise in the pulp chamber.

Virological suppression in children and adolescents is not influenced by genotyping, but depends on optimal adherence to antiretroviral therapy

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the virological outcomes in children and adolescents infected with HIV-1 in Salvador, Bahia according to genotyping results. Methods: We retrospectively evaluated the rates of virological suppression of children and adolescents submitted to HIV-1 genotyping test from January/2008 to December/2012. The participants were followed in the two referral centers for pediatric AIDS care, in Salvador, Brazil. Resistance mutations, drug sensitivity profiles, and viral subtypes were analyzed using the Stanford HIV-1 Drug Resistance Database. Adherence was estimated by drugs withdrawal at pharmacies of the two sites. Results: 101 subjects were included: 35 (34.6%) were drug-naïve, and the remaining 66 were failing ART. In drug-naïve group, 3 (8.6%), presented with NNRTIs resistance mutations, along with polymorphic mutations to PIs in most (82.8%) of them. Among the failing therapy group, we detected a high frequency (89.4%) of resistance mutations to PIs, NRTI (84.8%), and NNRTI (59.1%). Virological suppression after introduction/modification of genotyping-guided ART was achieved only for patients (53.1%) with drug withdrawal over 95%. Main detected HIV-1 subtypes were B (67.3%), F (7.9), C (1.9%), and recombinant forms (22.9%). Conclusions: Despite the use of genotyping tests in guidance of a more effective antiretroviral regimen, poor adherence to ART seems to be the main determinant of low virological suppression rate for children and adolescents, in Salvador, Brazil.

Virological suppression in children and adolescents is not influenced by genotyping, but depends on optimal adherence to antiretroviral therapy.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the virological outcomes in children and adolescents infected with HIV-1 in Salvador, Bahia according to genotyping results. METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated the rates of virological suppression of children and adolescents submitted to HIV-1 genotyping test from January/2008 to December/2012. The participants were followed in the two referral centers for pediatric AIDS care, in Salvador, Brazil. Resistance mutations, drug sensitivity profiles, and viral subtypes were analyzed using the Stanford HIV-1 Drug Resistance Database. Adherence was estimated by drugs withdrawal at pharmacies of the two sites. RESULTS: 101 subjects were included: 35 (34.6%) were drug-naïve, and the remaining 66 were failing ART. In drug-naïve group, 3 (8.6%), presented with NNRTIs resistance mutations, along with polymorphic mutations to PIs in most (82.8%) of them. Among the failing therapy group, we detected a high frequency (89.4%) of resistance mutations to PIs, NRTI (84.8%), and NNRTI (59.1%). Virological suppression after introduction/modification of genotyping-guided ART was achieved only for patients (53.1%) with drug withdrawal over 95%. Main detected HIV-1 subtypes were B (67.3%), F (7.9), C (1.9%), and recombinant forms (22.9%). CONCLUSIONS: Despite the use of genotyping tests in guidance of a more effective antiretroviral regimen, poor adherence to ART seems to be the main determinant of low virological suppression rate for children and adolescents, in Salvador, Brazil.

Iron-Catalyzed Synthesis of Oxindoles: Application to the Preparation of Pyrroloindolines.

A novel and highly efficient synthetic approach to pyrroloindolines has been developed. The process is based on tandem radical addition/cyclization with inexpensive iron catalyst. This method tolerates a wide range of N-methyl-N-arylacrylamides as well carbamoyl radicals, providing access to a variety of functionalized 3,3-disubstituted oxindoles, key intermediates for many bioactive pyrroloindolines such as (±)-esermethole, (±)-deoxyeseroline, and (±)-physovenol methyl ether.

Anti-Toxoplasma gondii and anti-Neospora caninum antibodies in capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) from Itu Municipality, São Paulo.

Capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) are the largest rodents found in South America. The aim of the present study was to investigate the occurrence of anti-Toxoplasma gondii and anti-Neospora caninum antibodies in 170 free-living capybaras in a residential park area in Itu Municipality, São Paulo State, Brazil. Serum samples were tested by indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) for T. gondii (IFAT ≥ 1:16) and N. caninum (IFAT ≥ 1:50). Among the 170 samples analyzed, 10% (17/170) and 0% (0/170) were seropositive for T. gondii and N. caninum, respectively. This study confirms the widespread presence of T. gondii and reinforces the role of capybaras in the life cycle of this parasite. Capybaras may not be important as intermediate hosts of N. caninum in the studied environment.

Anti-Toxoplasma gondii and anti-Neospora caninum antibodies in capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) from Itu Municipality, São Paulo / Anticorpos anti-Toxoplasma gondii e anti-Neospora caninum em capivaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) do Município de Itu, São Paulo

Abstract Capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) are the largest rodents found in South America. The aim of the present study was to investigate the occurrence of anti-Toxoplasma gondii and anti-Neospora caninum antibodies in 170 free-living capybaras in a residential park area in Itu Municipality, São Paulo State, Brazil. Serum samples were tested by indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) for T. gondii (IFAT ≥ 1:16) and N. caninum (IFAT ≥ 1:50). Among the 170 samples analyzed, 10% (17/170) and 0% (0/170) were seropositive for T. gondii and N. caninum, respectively. This study confirms the widespread presence of T. gondii and reinforces the role of capybaras in the life cycle of this parasite. Capybaras may not be important as intermediate hosts of N. caninum in the studied environment.

Resumo As capivaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) são os maiores roedores encontrados na América do Sul. O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar a ocorrência de anticorpos anti-Toxoplasma gondii e anti-Neospora caninum em 170 capivaras de vida livre, habitando em um condomínio fechado no Município de Itu, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Amostras de soro foram testadas por meio da Reação de Imunofluorescência Indireta (RIFI) para T. gondii (RIFI ≥ 1:16) e N. caninum (RIFI ≥ 1:50). Entre as 170 amostras analisadas, 10% (17/170) e 0% (0/170) foram positivas para T. gondii eN. caninum, respectivamente. O presente estudo confirma a ampla distribuição de T. gondii e reforça o papel das capivaras no ciclo biológico desse parasita. Provavelmente, as capivaras não têm um papel importante como hospedeiros intermediários de N. caninum no ambiente estudado.

Terapia comportamental dialética: um protocolo comportamental ou cognitivo? / Dialectical behavior therapy: a behavioral or cognitive protocol?

A terapia comportamental dialética (DBT) é um protocolo clínico inicialmente desenvolvido para o tratamento de comportamentos suicidas e parassuicidas, e posteriormente estendido para algumas psicopatologias, como o transtorno da personalidade borderline. O tratamento envolve a aprendizagem de comportamentos pré-requisitos, divididos nos estágios (1) “alcançando as habilidades básicas”, (2) “redução do estresse pós-traumático” e (3) “resolvendo problemas de vida e aumentando o respeito próprio”. O presente artigo analisa se, e em que medida, a DBT preenche os critérios filosófico-aplicados de inclusão nas terapias baseadas na análise do comportamento. Para isso analisou sua concepção filosófica de base, bem como as estratégias de avaliação e intervenção. Argumentou-se que o embasamento filosófico adotado se aproxima do behaviorismo, devido a sua definição de comportamento, concepção de causas e de seleção. Foram identificadas também estratégias de avaliação e intervenção, com foco na aceitação e na mudança, baseadas em análises funcionais, no reforçamento e na modelagem para a aprendizagem de novas habilidades...

The dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) is a clinical protocol originally developed for the treatment of suicidal and parasuicidal behaviors, and later extended to psychopathology as the borderline personality disorder. Treatment involves learning prerequisites behaviors, divided in stages (1) “attaining basic capacities” (2) “reducing postttraumatic stress” and (3) “increasing self-respect and achieving individual goals”. This article examines whether and how DBT meet the philosophical and applied criteria for inclusion in therapies based on behavior analysis. We revised philosophical conception basis as well as the assessment and intervention strategies. It is argued that the philosophical foundation approaches behaviorism, due to its behavior definition, conceptions of causes and selection. We also identified assessment and intervention strategies, focusing on acceptance and change, based on functional analysis, reinforcement and shaping for learning new skills...

Terapia comportamental dialética: um protocolo comportamental ou cognitivo? / Dialectical behavior therapy: a behavioral or cognitive protocol?

A terapia comportamental dialética (DBT) é um protocolo clínico inicialmente desenvolvido para o tratamento de comportamentos suicidas e parassuicidas, e posteriormente estendido para algumas psicopatologias, como o transtorno da personalidade borderline. O tratamento envolve a aprendizagem de comportamentos pré-requisitos, divididos nos estágios (1) “alcançando as habilidades básicas”, (2) “redução do estresse pós-traumático” e (3) “resolvendo problemas de vida e aumentando o respeito próprio”. O presente artigo analisa se, e em que medida, a DBT preenche os critérios filosófico-aplicados de inclusão nas terapias baseadas na análise do comportamento. Para isso analisou sua concepção filosófica de base, bem como as estratégias de avaliação e intervenção. Argumentou-se que o embasamento filosófico adotado se aproxima do behaviorismo, devido a sua definição de comportamento, concepção de causas e de seleção. Foram identificadas também estratégias de avaliação e intervenção, com foco na aceitação e na mudança, baseadas em análises funcionais, no reforçamento e na modelagem para a aprendizagem de novas habilidades. (AU)

The dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) is a clinical protocol originally developed for the treatment of suicidal and parasuicidal behaviors, and later extended to psychopathology as the borderline personality disorder. Treatment involves learning prerequisites behaviors, divided in stages (1) “attaining basic capacities” (2) “reducing postttraumatic stress” and (3) “increasing self-respect and achieving individual goals”. This article examines whether and how DBT meet the philosophical and applied criteria for inclusion in therapies based on behavior analysis. We revised philosophical conception basis as well as the assessment and intervention strategies. It is argued that the philosophical foundation approaches behaviorism, due to its behavior definition, conceptions of causes and selection. We also identified assessment and intervention strategies, focusing on acceptance and change, based on functional analysis, reinforcement and shaping for learning new skills. (AU)

Ergocalciferol versus Cholecalciferol for Nutritional Vitamin D Replacement in CKD.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Is cholecalciferol (D3) superior to ergocalciferol (D2) in treating nutritional vitamin D deficiency in chronic kidney disease (CKD)? The answer to this question has not been fully explored. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of 57 patients with non-dialysis-requiring CKD was conducted to assess the relative effectiveness of D2 versus D3 replacement on circulating 25(OH)D levels. Levels of 25(OH) D were assessed at baseline, after attempted repletion with D2, and then after attempted repletion with D3. The relative paired differences of the drug treatment effects were tested using t-tests. Multiple regression modeling was used to determine the factors significantly associated with differential responsiveness to the drugs. RESULTS: The mean (SEM) age was 66.4 ± 1.4 and mean eGFR was 40.5 ± 2.2 ml/min/1.73 m(2). The baseline 25(OH)D level was 15.3 ± 0.8 ng/ml. After standardizing to 100,000 units of drug, increases after cholecalciferol (2.7 ± 0.3 ng/ml) were more than twice as great as those from ergocalciferol (1.1 ± 0.3 ng/ml) (p < 0.0001). A sensitivity analysis, which pooled the results of an additional 109 individuals treated with ergocalciferol alone, revealed similar findings (standardized change 2.7 ± 0.3 vs. 1.6 ± 0.3 ng/ml, p = 0.0025). Factors associated with a superior response to cholecalciferol were lower baseline 25(OH) D level at the start of therapy (p = 0.015) and the interaction of sex and age (p = 0.0048), with younger females tending to benefit relatively more from cholecalciferol than older males did. CONCLUSION: Cholecalciferol may be superior to ergocalciferol in treating nutritional vitamin D deficiency in non-dialysis CKD.

Avaliando a pesquisa sobre o ensino de análise funcional para professores no Brasil / Evaluating functional analysis teaching procedures for brazilians teachers

A análise do comportamento produziu uma linha de pesquisas voltada para a investigação do ensino de análises funcionais. No Brasil surgiram dois grupos de pós-graduação, sendo um da UNESP e outro da PUC-SP. O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar os procedimentos comuns a algumas dessas pesquisas de modo a identificar a sua conformidade com os princípios comportamentais para o ensino. A seleção das pesquisas para essa análise foi feita por meio de consulta ao currículo dos orientadores das pesquisas e do website das bibliotecas. Os resultados mostraram alguns princípios não contemplados em ambos os grupos, como a adequação dos procedimentos de treino aos repertórios prévios dos participantes, ao seu ritmo e aos passos necessários para o aprendizado. Dentro dos princípios contemplados, figuram a designação dos recursos, a promoção do responder constante e a apresentação de atividades de ensino. Como conclusões finais, sugere-se o seguimento desses princípios para o aprimoramento das futuras pesquisas.(AU)

Functional analysis teaching procedures are a subject matter of behavior analysis. In Brazil two graduate programs were established, one at UNESP and one at PUC-SP. The aim of this study was to analyze common or similarities procedures data collection/data analysis of research in order to identify their adequacy to behavioral principles of teaching. Data collection procedures were carried out based on consultation with the curriculum of the chief investigator and libraries website. The results showed that some behavioral principles of learning not covered in both groups, such as the adequacy of training procedures to the baseline repertoires of the participants, and their pace and the steps of learning. Regarding the common principles covered the designation of resources, the promotion of constant responding and proposals for education were observed. As final remarks, it is suggested to follow these principles to improve future researches.(AU)

Associação entre qualidade de vida e estado nutricional em pacientes renais crônicos em hemodiálise / Association between the level of quality of life and nutritional status in patients undergoing chronic renal hemodialysis

INTRODUÇÃO: A Doença Renal Crônica (DRC) e a hemodiálise (HD) provocam limitações na vida dos pacientes, interferindo na qualidade de vida e o cuidado nutricional é fundamental para no tratamento da doença. OBJETIVO: O objetivo da pesquisa é analisar a associação entre qualidade de vida com o uso do instrumento SF-36 com consumo alimentar, estado nutricional em pacientes com DRC em HD por meio de pesquisa quantitativa e transversal. MÉTODOS: Realizou-se avaliação antropométrica, coleta dos resultados de exames bioquímicos, aplicação do questionário SF-36 e anamnese alimentar (recordatório alimentar de 24h). RESULTADOS: A amostra foi composta por 30 pacientes adultos com idade entre 28 a 76 anos. A doença relacionada com DRC mais encontrada foi hipertensão arterial sistêmica (53,3%), a média do Índice de Massa Corporal foi 25,04 ± 4,50 kg/m². Pela dobra cutânea do braço, 73,3% estavam em desnutrição. O diagnóstico nutricional final foi 80% de desnutrição entre os pacientes estudados. O tempo de diagnóstico de doença renal teve média de 4,84 ± 3,51 anos. Pela média dos exames bioquímicos, somente fósforo 5,51 ± 1,61 mg/dl e creatinina 10,84 ± 3,33 mg/dl estavam adequados. Nas médias das pontuações do SF-36, o menor valor encontrado foi para limitação por aspectos físicos (16,67 ± 29,60) e o maior para aspectos sociais (68,17 ± 33,67). CONCLUSÃO: O consumo energético e proteico médio esteve abaixo do recomendado. Obteve-se correlação positiva do consumo calórico, proteico, fibra, cálcio e carboidrato com qualidade de vida. Conclui-se, então, que a alimentação está associada à qualidade de vida do paciente renal hemodialítico.

INTRODUCTION: The chronic kidney disease and undergoing hemodialysis (HD) cause limitation in patients' life interfering in their life's quality and the nutritional care is fundamental to the disease treatment. OBJECTIVE: The objective is the goal is to analyze the association between quality of life through the instrument (SF-36) with dietary intake, nutritional status in patients with chronic kidney disease in HD through quantitative research and transversal. METHODS: Realized valuation anthropometric, collection of the results of biochemical tests, application of the questionnaire SF-36 and dietary anamnesis (food recall of 24h). RESULTS: The sample consisted of thirty adult patients with age between 28 to 76 years. The disease related with chronic kidney disease was found more hypertension systemic arterial (53.3%) The average body mass index was 25.04 ± 4.50 kg/m². By fold cutaneous arm, 73.3% were in malnutrition. The end nutritional diagnosis of malnutrition was 80% among the patients studied. The time of diagnosis of renal disease had a mean of 4.84 ± 3.51 years. By the middle of biochemical tests only phosphorus creatinine were adequate. In the mean the scores of SF-36 the lowest value found was limited to physical aspects (16.67 ± 29.60) and the largest for the social aspect (68.17 ± 33.67). CONCLUSION: The average energy consumption and protein was below the recommended. Got positive correlation of calories, protein, fiber, calcium and carbohydrate, with quality of life. It was concluded that feeding is associated with quality of life of renal patients undergoing hemodialysis.

Association between the level of quality of life and nutritional status in patients undergoing chronic renal hemodialysis.

INTRODUCTION: The chronic kidney disease and undergoing hemodialysis (HD) cause limitation in patients' life interfering in their life's quality and the nutritional care is fundamental to the disease treatment. OBJECTIVE: The objective is the goal is to analyze the association between quality of life through the instrument (SF-36) with dietary intake, nutritional status in patients with chronic kidney disease in HD through quantitative research and transversal. METHODS: Realized valuation anthropometric, collection of the results of biochemical tests, application of the questionnaire SF-36 and dietary anamnesis (food recall of 24h). RESULTS: The sample consisted of thirty adult patients with age between 28 to 76 years. The disease related with chronic kidney disease was found more hypertension systemic arterial (53.3%) The average body mass index was 25.04 ± 4.50 kg/m². By fold cutaneous arm, 73.3% were in malnutrition. The end nutritional diagnosis of malnutrition was 80% among the patients studied. The time of diagnosis of renal disease had a mean of 4.84 ± 3.51 years. By the middle of biochemical tests only phosphorus creatinine were adequate. In the mean the scores of SF-36 the lowest value found was limited to physical aspects (16.67 ± 29.60) and the largest for the social aspect (68.17 ± 33.67). CONCLUSION: The average energy consumption and protein was below the recommended. Got positive correlation of calories, protein, fiber, calcium and carbohydrate, with quality of life. It was concluded that feeding is associated with quality of life of renal patients undergoing hemodialysis.